Polarization Mixing Due to Feed Rotation: Difference between revisions

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<center><math>
<center><math>
\boldsymbol{e}_{A,out} = J_A\boldsymbol{e}_{A,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
\boldsymbol{e}_{A,out} = J_A\boldsymbol{e}_{A,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi & \sin\chi     \\
1  & 0      \\
-\sin\chi & \cos\chi
0  & a_1
\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_1 & \sin\chi_1     \\
-\sin\chi_1 & \cos\chi_1
\end{bmatrix}
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
Line 26: Line 29:
\boldsymbol{e}_{B,out} = J_B\boldsymbol{e}_{B,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
\boldsymbol{e}_{B,out} = J_B\boldsymbol{e}_{B,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
1  & 0      \\
0  & 1
0  & a_2
\end{bmatrix}
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
Line 49: Line 52:
=  
=  
\begin{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi &      0    & \sin\chi &    0      \\
\cos\chi_1 &      0    & \sin\chi_1 &    0      \\
     0    &  \cos\chi &    0    & \sin\chi \\
     0    &  a_2^*\cos\chi_1 &    0    & a_2^*\sin\chi_1 \\
-\sin\chi &      0    & \cos\chi &    0      \\
-a_1\sin\chi_1 &      0    & a_1\cos\chi_1 &    0      \\
     0    & -\sin\chi &    0    & \cos\chi
     0    & -a_1a_2^*\sin\chi_1 &    0    & a_1a_2^*\cos\chi_1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in} \qquad\qquad (1)
</math></center>
 
where we have dropped the subscripts and complex conjugate notation for brevity. Of course, there are other effects such as unequal gains and cross-talk between feeds that are also at play, but for now we ignore those and focus only on the effect of this polarization mixing due to the parallactic angle.
 
= Absolute vs. Relative Angle of Rotation =
 
However, the above description fails when we consider a rotation on both antennas, so that
 
<center><math>
\boldsymbol{e}_{A,out} = J_A\boldsymbol{e}_{A,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
0  & a_1
\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_1  & \sin\chi_1      \\
-\sin\chi_1  & \cos\chi_1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
X_A  \\
Y_A
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad\qquad
\boldsymbol{e}_{B,out} = J_B\boldsymbol{e}_{B,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
0  & a_2
\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_2  & \sin\chi_2      \\
-\sin\chi_2  & \cos\chi_2
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
X_B  \\
Y_B
\end{bmatrix}
</math></center>
 
In this case, performing the outer product gives:
 
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
    \cos\chi_2\cos\chi_1  &    \cos\chi_2\sin\chi_1 &      \sin\chi_2\cos\chi_1 &    \sin\chi_2\sin\chi_1  \\
-a_1\cos\chi_2\sin\chi_1  &  a_1\cos\chi_2\cos\chi_1 &  -a_1\sin\chi_2\sin\chi_1 & a_1\sin\chi_2\cos\chi_1  \\
-a_2^*\sin\chi_2\cos\chi_1  & -a_2^*\sin\chi_2\sin\chi_1 &  a_2^*\cos\chi_2\cos\chi_1 & a_2^*\cos\chi_2\sin\chi_1  \\
a_1a_2^*\sin\chi_2\sin\chi_1  & -a_1a_2^*\sin\chi_2\cos\chi_1 &  -a_1a_2^*\cos\chi_2\sin\chi_1 & a_1a_2^*\cos\chi_2\cos\chi_1
\end{bmatrix}
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
Line 62: Line 121:
</math></center>
</math></center>


where we have dropped the subscripts and complex conjugate notation for brevity. Of course, there are other effects such as unequal gains and cross-talk between feeds that are also at play, but for now we ignore those and focus only on the effect of this polarization mixing due to the parallactic angle. 
whereas intuitively we want something like:


Ultimately we mean to apply the inverse of the above matrix to the measured polarization products to recover the unrotated polarization products.
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos(\chi_2-\chi_1)  &          0          &  \sin(\chi_2-\chi_1) &        0            \\
          0          &  \cos(\chi_2-\chi_1) &            0          &  \sin(\chi_2-\chi_1)  \\
-\sin(\chi_2-\chi_1)  &          0          &  \cos(\chi_2-\chi_1) &        0            \\
          0          & -\sin(\chi_2-\chi_1) &            0          &  \cos(\chi_2-\chi_1)
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in}
</math></center>


= Effect of Polarization Mixing on Observations =
which becomes the identity matrix when <math>\chi_1 = \chi_2</math>, i.e. when the feeds on two antennas of a baseline are parallel.  The difference seems to be that the earlier expression evaluates to components of X and Y in an absolute coordinate frame, whereas we are interested only the difference in angle of the feeds in a relative coordinate frame.  This choice no doubt has implications for measuring Stokes Q and U, but for solar data we are not concerned with linear polarization.


[[File:3C84_no-rotation.png|left|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 3:''' This is a temporary place-holder for a new image.]]
One way to achieve this in the framework of Jones matrices is to form Mueller matrices from the outer-product of the rotation times the gain matrix:


== See Powerpoint Presentation [[Link title]] ==
<center><math>
The main effect that is noticeable in observations is that strong signals on the crossed hands (XY and YX) will appear when feeds are misaligned. When feeds are properly aligned, we expect to see only weak signals in the crossed hands, nominally zero, but in practice non-zero due to slight cross-talk between X and Y, which can be due to non-orthogonality or simply coupling between the separate channels. Note that non-equal gains will not cause cross-talk, but can complicate efforts to untangle it.
M_1 = I \otimes R_1 = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
0  & 1
\end{bmatrix} \otimes \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_1  & \sin\chi_1      \\
-\sin\chi_1  & \cos\chi_1
\end{bmatrix} =  
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_1  &          0          &  \sin\chi_1 &        0            \\
          0          & \cos\chi_1 &            0          & \sin\chi_1  \\
-\sin\chi_1 &          0          &  \cos\chi_1 &        0            \\
          0          & -\sin\chi_1 &            0          & \cos\chi_1
\end{bmatrix}
</math></center>


and


<center><math>
M_2 = I \otimes R_2 = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
0  & 1
\end{bmatrix} \otimes \begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_2  & \sin\chi_2      \\
-\sin\chi_2  & \cos\chi_2
\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\chi_2  &          0          &  \sin\chi_2      &        0            \\
          0          &  \cos\chi_2 &            0      &  \sin\chi_2  \\
-\sin\chi_2  &          0          &  \cos\chi_2      &        0            \\
          0          & -\sin\chi_2 &            0      &  \cos\chi_2
\end{bmatrix}
</math></center>


To make the observations, we observe calibrator sources at different declincations over a broad range of hour angle.  The two sources observed so far are 3C84, at declination 41 degrees, and 3C273, at declination 2 degrees.  We then plot the observed amplitude and phase for each of the observed polarization products [XX, XY, YX, YY]. For this demonstration, we use the baseline of Ant1-14, where Ant1 has the rotating feed and Ant14 has the non-rotating one (with respect to the celestial coordinate system). '''Figure 3''' shows the 3C84 observation and simulation. The upper-left panel is the observed amplitude of the four polarization products during an observation from 08:30-15:00 UT, and the upper-right panel is the corresponding phase.  The lower panels are the simulation amplitude and phase, where the simulation assumed constant polarization products with Amp[XX, XY, YX, YY] = [0.15, 0, 0, 0.23], and Phase[XX, XY, YX, YY] = [3.1, 0, 0, 2.4] (radians).  A noise level of 0.015 rms was added.  It is clear that the amplitude simulation works very well, but the phase does not have the correct character--the only deviation from constant phase is an abrupt 180-degree phase jump in XY and YX at 0 hour angle. Such phase jumps are seen in the observed data, but in addition there is a large amount of phase rotation in the observations that is not in the simulation.
then form an overall matrix
<center><math>M = M_1 M_2^T = \begin{bmatrix}
  \cos\Delta\chi &          0         &  \sin\Delta\chi &        0             \\
          0           &  \cos\Delta\chi &            0         &  \sin\Delta\chi  \\
-\sin\Delta\chi  &          0         &  \cos\Delta\chi &        0             \\
          0           & -\sin\Delta\chi &            0         & \cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
</math></center>,
where <math>\Delta\chi = \chi_2 - \chi_1</math>.


[[File:3C84_abs-chi-rotation.png|left|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 4:''' Same as Figure 3, but applying a phase rotation of <math>2|\chi|</math>.]]
= Effect of an X - Y Delay =
Regardless of how the math is done, we expect that the result should be dependent on the difference in angle, <math>\Delta\chi</math>, so as a practical solution let us simply replace <math>\chi_1</math> with <math>\Delta\chi</math> and proceed as in section 1.
<center><math>
\boldsymbol{e}_{A,out} = J_A\boldsymbol{e}_{A,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
0  & a_1
\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\Delta\chi  & \sin\Delta\chi      \\
-\sin\Delta\chi  & \cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
X_A  \\
Y_A
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad\qquad
\boldsymbol{e}_{B,out} = J_B\boldsymbol{e}_{B,in} = \begin{bmatrix}
1  & 0      \\
0  & a_2
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
X_B  \\
Y_B
\end{bmatrix}
</math></center>


As a test, a simulation was done applying a phase rotation based on <math>\chi</math>, as shown in '''Figure 4'''.  Applying a rotation by the parallactic angle itself proved to be too small, and did not show the symmetric behavior around 0 hour angle, so the phase rotation applied in Fig. 4 is <math>2|\chi|</math>. It now looks about right, but there is a curvature in the simulation phase that is not really seen in the data.
and the cross-correlation is found by taking the outer product, i.e.


[[File:3C273_abs-chi-rotation.png|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 5:''' Same as Figure 4, for 3C273, and applying the same phase rotation of <math>2|\chi|</math>.]]
<center><math>
<\boldsymbol{e}_{A,out}\otimes\boldsymbol{e}^*_{B,out}> = J_A \otimes J^*_B<\boldsymbol{e}_{A,in}\otimes\boldsymbol{e}^*_{B,in}>
</math></center>
which relates the output polarization products to the input as
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\Delta\chi  &      0    & \sin\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    &  a_2^*\cos\Delta\chi &    0    & a_2^*\sin\Delta\chi  \\
-a_1\sin\Delta\chi &      0    & a_1\cos\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    & -a_1a_2^*\sin\Delta\chi &    0    & a_1a_2^*\cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in} \qquad\qquad (2)
</math></center>
 
Now consider that there is a "multi-band" delay on both antennas, <math>\tau_1</math> and <math>\tau_2</math>.  Then (2) becomes:
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\Delta\chi  &      0    & \sin\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    &  e^{-2\pi if\tau_2}\cos\Delta\chi &    0    & e^{-2\pi if\tau_2}\sin\Delta\chi  \\
-e^{2\pi if\tau_1}\sin\Delta\chi &      0    & e^{2\pi if\tau_1}\cos\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    & -e^{2\pi if(\tau_1 - \tau_2)}\sin\Delta\chi &    0    & e^{2\pi if(\tau_1 - \tau_2)}\cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in}. \qquad\qquad (3)
</math></center>
 
The result agrees with our intuition:
<center><math>
\begin{align}
XX_{out} &= \cos\Delta\chi XX_{in} + \sin\Delta\chi YX_{in} \qquad \qquad \qquad \text{(has no phase shift)}\\
XY_{out} &= (\cos\Delta\chi XY_{in} + \sin\Delta\chi YY_{in})e^{-2\pi if\tau_2} \qquad \text{(phase shift depends on} \;\tau_2 \text{)} \\
YX_{out} &= (\cos\Delta\chi YX_{in} - \sin\Delta\chi XX_{in})e^{2\pi if\tau_1} \qquad \text{(phase shift depends on} \;\tau_1 \text{)} \\
YY_{out} &= (\cos\Delta\chi YY_{in} - \sin\Delta\chi XY_{in})e^{2\pi if(\tau_1 - \tau_2)} \qquad \text{(phase shift depends on delay difference)}
\end{align} \qquad\qquad (4)
</math></center>


As a check, we repeated the exercise on 3C273, again applying a phase rotation of <math>2|\chi|</math>, with the result shown in '''Figure 5'''As before, the amplitudes match quite well.  For this different source, however, the measured phase variation is not symmetric about 0 hour angle, so the simulated phases do not match the observed onesFinally, we instead apply a phase correction without the absolute value, i.e. just <math>2\chi</math>, with the result in '''Figure 6'''. Clearly this is "better," but still does not match the phase variation precisely.
This approach was implemented, to see how well it does in correcting for the effects of differential feed rotation, but the results were not goodThe problem turns out not to be the approach, but the assumption that the X-Y delay is a constant with frequencyThe next section describes the actual case, where the X-Y delay is considered in terms of a measured "delay phase."


[[File:3C273_chi-rotation.png|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 6:''' Same as Figure 5, but applying the same phase rotation of <math>2\chi</math>.]]
= Another Look at X-Y Delays =
Prior to doing the feed rotation correction, it is essential that any X-Y delays be measured and corrected.  We have devised a calibration procedure in which we take data on a strong calibrator with the feeds parallel, then rotate the 27-m (antenna 14) feed so that they are perpendicular.  For an unpolarized source, this results in signal on the XX and YY polarization channels in the first case, and on the XY and YX polarization channels in the second case.  As a practical matter, this can be done on all antennas at once if a strong source is observed near 0 HA, ideally timed to start 20 min before 0 HA and completing 20 min after 0 HA. The source 2253+161 works well, as does 1229+006 (3C273). Two observations are needed
:* one with the 27-m feed unrotated (gives parallel-feed data for all dishes, if done near 0 HA).  Gives strong signal in XX and YY channels. [http://ovsa.njit.edu/phasecal/20170702/pcF20170702121949_2253+161.png Example]
:* one with the 27-m feed rotated to -90 degrees (gives crossed-feed data for all dishes, if done near 0 HA). Gives strong signal in XY and YX channels. [http://ovsa.njit.edu/phasecal/20170702/pcF20170702115948_2253+161.png Example]


== Other Possible Reasons for the Observed Phase Variations ==
Note that the feed should be rotated by -90, not 90, in order for the signs in the expressions below to be correct.


It has been suggested that there may be some secular change in phase not related to feed rotation, perhaps a delay error due to a baseline error, or because the Az and El axes do not cross at a common pointHowever, baseline errors would seem to be unlikely, because exactly the same character in the phase variations occurs on '''all''' of the AzEL antennasAnd anyway a delay error is ruled out for another reason--the phase variation is '''not''' frequency dependent'''Figures 7 & 8''' illustrate these facts.
== Background ==
[[File: 20170702_delay-phase.png | thumb | 300px | '''Figure 1x:''' Example of delay phase measurement for 2017-07-02.  Multiple measurements of the delay phase are possible, two for each of the small antennas and 26 for antenna 14.  These are shown by the multicolor points.  The average of the measurements are shown with black points.]]
In order to correct for feed rotation, it is necessary to measure and correct for any differences in X vs. Y delay.  We have devised a way of making this measurement by holding the small antenna feeds fixed and rotating the antenna 14 feed from 0-degree position angle (parallel to the small dish feeds) to -90 degrees position angle (perpendicular to the small dish feeds).  In the 0-degree case, the X feeds are all parallel to each other, and the Y feeds are all parallel to each otherIn the -90-degree case, the small-dish X feeds are parallel to the antenna 14 Y feed, and the small-dish Y feeds are parallel to the antenna 14 X feed.  Comparing the parallel XX vs. crossed XY, the phases should be the same except for any non-zero X vs. Y delay on antenna 14, and a possible secular change in phase due to rotating the feed (<math>\xi_{rot}</math>)Comparing the parallel YY vs. crossed XY, on the other hand, the phases should be the same except for any non-zero X vs. Y delays on the small antennas, plus the effect of <math>\xi_{rot}</math>Thus, <math>\xi_{rot}</math> = 0 on XX and YY measurements, and non-zero for XY and YX measurements.


Based on these tests, I conclude that the observed phase variations are indeed due to the relative feed rotation, but that something is missing in the above mathematical analysis or its applicationOne possibility is that there is some subtlety in the complex-conjugation of the Jones matrices, since in the above analysis they are entirely real.
We can derive expressions by considering antenna-based phases on X polarization as <math>\phi(X_i) = \phi_i + \delta_{i14}\xi_{rot}</math> and on Y polarization as <math>\phi(Y_i) = \phi_i + d\phi_i + \delta_{i14}\xi_{rot}</math>, i.e. the Y phases are nominally the same as for X, except for a possible X-Y delay difference <math>\tau_i</math>, here written as delay phase <math>d\phi_i = 2\pi\tau_i f</math>.  We are finding that this delay is a complicated function of frequency, so it is just as well to keep it in terms of phaseThe <math>\xi_{rot}</math> term is only present on antenna 14, hence the use of the Kronecker <math>\delta</math>. As noted above, the term <math>\xi_{rot}</math> is zero if the antenna 14 feed is not rotated (i.e. for XX and YY measurements) and non-zero if it is (for XY and YX measurements). On a baseline <math>(i,j)</math>, then, the four polarization terms become:
--[[User:Dgary|Dgary]] ([[User talk:Dgary|talk]]) 11:50, 22 October 2016 (UTC)
<center><math>
\begin{align}
\phi_{ij}(XX) &= \phi(X_j) - \phi(X_i) = \phi_j - \phi_i\\
\phi_{ij}(XY) &= \phi(Y_j) - \phi(X_i) = \phi_j + d\phi_j + \delta_{j14}\xi_{rot} - \phi_i\\
\phi_{ij}(YX) &= \phi(X_j) - \phi(Y_i) = \phi_j + \delta_{j14}\xi_{rot} - \phi_i - d\phi_i\\
\phi_{ij}(YY) &= \phi(Y_j) - \phi(Y_i) = \phi_j + d\phi_j - \phi_i - d\phi_i
\end{align}\qquad\qquad (5)
</math></center>


[[File:3C84_multi-ant.png|none|thumb|600px|'''Fig. 7:''' Phases on 3C84 for baselines of AzEl Ants 1-6 with Ant 14.  The secular changes in phase are identical on all AzEl antennas, which demonstrates that the phase variations are not likely to be anything to do with baseline errors.]]
We then examine the channel differences on baselines with antenna 14 (<math>j=14</math>), i.e.
<center><math>
\begin{align}
\phi_{i14}(XY) - \phi_{i14}(XX) &= \phi_{14} + d\phi_{14} + \xi_{rot} - \phi_i - \phi_{14} + \phi_i &= d\phi_{14} + \xi_{rot}, \\
\phi_{i14}(YY) - \phi_{i14}(YX) &= \phi_{14} + d\phi_{14} - \phi_i - d\phi_i - \phi_{14} - \xi_{rot} + \phi_i + d\phi_i &= d\phi_{14} - \xi_{rot}, \\
\phi_{i14}(XX) - \phi_{i14}(YX) &= \phi_{14} - \phi_i - \phi_{14} - \xi_{rot} + \phi_i + d\phi_i  &= d\phi_i - \xi_{rot}, \\
\phi_{i14}(XY) - \phi_{i14}(YY) &= \phi_{14} + d\phi_{14} + \xi_{rot} - \phi_i - \phi_{14} - d\phi_{14} + \phi_i + d\phi_i &= d\phi_i + \xi_{rot}.
\end{align}
</math></center>
Consequently, we can solve redundantly in two ways for the antenna-based delay phases:
<center><math>
\begin{align}
d\phi_i &= \phi_{i14}(XX) - \phi_{i14}(YX) + \xi_{rot} = \phi_{i14}(XY) - \phi_{i14}(YY) - \xi_{rot}, \\
d\phi_{14} &= \phi_{i14}(XY) - \phi_{i14}(XX) - \xi_{rot} = \phi_{i14}(YY) - \phi_{i14}(YX) + \xi_{rot},
\end{align}\qquad\qquad (6)
</math></center>
where we specifically use <math>j=14</math> to emphasize that this quantity for all antennas should be the same value, because the measurements are all baselines with antenna 14.  Both of these give the same expression:
<center><math>
2\xi_{rot} = \phi_{i14}(XY) - \phi_{i14}(YY) - \phi_{i14}(XX) + \phi_{i14}(YX),
</math></center>
which, when evaluated for the thirteen different measurements do indeed give the same result within statistical variations. Care must be taken to do an appropriate average to take care of the <math>2\pi</math> phase ambiguity.  One way to do this is form unit vectors and sum them, then find the phase of the summed vector. In Python, the following expression calculates an average phase phi_avg from the 13 individual measurements phi, where the sum over index 0 is over antennas:
phi_avg = np.angle(np.sum(np.exp(1j*phi),0))
 
Once we have this average value of <math>\xi_{rot}</math>, the equations (6) give two measurements for each antenna for <math>d\phi_i</math>, and the 26 measurements for antenna 14 for <math>d\phi_{14}</math>, which can be averaged in the same manner.


[[File:3C84_multi-freq.png|none|thumb|600px|'''Fig. 8:''' Phases differences for Ant 1-14 at 6 frequencies on 3C84, ranging from 3.38-3.49 GHz, relative to the phase on 3.358 GHz. The fact that the secular changes in phase are flat at all frequencies demonstrates that the phase variations are not likely to be anything to do with delay errors.]]
'''Figure 1x''' shows the results for a measurement on 2017-07-02.


== More On Axis Offset ==
== Applying the Measurements ==
[[File: 20170702-amp-correction.png | thumb | 600px | '''Figure 2x:''' Amplitude vs frequency for channels XX, YY, XY and YX, on ants 1-13, before (green) and after (black) correction for feed rotation.]]
[[File: 20170702-phase-correction.png | thumb | 600px | '''Figure 3x:''' Phase vs frequency for channels XX, YY, XY and YX, on ants 1-13, before (green) and after (black) correction for feed rotation.]]
 
Once we have these, we can apply corrections to each of the polarization channels, and then do the feed rotation correction.  The corrections are done to data taken in a normal way, without rotating the 27-m feed.  The application of the correction is found by removing the effects of the delays and rotations in equation (5):
<center><math>
\begin{align}
\phi_{ij}(XX)' &= \phi_{ij}(XX),\quad\text{no correction} \\
\phi_{ij}(XY)' &= \phi_{ij}(XY) - d\phi_j - \delta_{j14}\xi_{rot}, \\
\phi_{ij}(YX)' &= \phi_{ij}(YX) + d\phi_i - \delta_{j14}\xi_{rot} + \pi, \\
\phi_{ij}(YY)' &= \phi_{ij}(YY) + d\phi_i - d\phi_j,
\end{align}\qquad (6)
</math></center>
where the third term has an offset of <math>\pi</math> because this term should be flipped for negative parallactic angle, i.e. should be <math>\phi_{ij}(YX) = \phi_j - \phi_i + \pi</math>.  Again, the Kronecker <math>\delta</math> indicates the fact that this term is applied only for baselines involving antenna 14. After the corrections are applied, we have
<center><math>
\begin{align}
\phi_{ij}(XX)' &= \phi_j - \phi_i \\
\phi_{ij}(XY)' &= \phi_j - \phi_i, \\
\phi_{ij}(YX)' &= \phi_j - \phi_i + \pi, \\
\phi_{ij}(YY)' &= \phi_j - \phi_i.
\end{align}
</math></center>
 
I tried applying the feed rotation correction for data taken on 2017-07-02, and it does seem to work.  '''Figures 2x''' and '''3x''' show the amplitude and phase on all baselines with Ant 14, with light green for data before correction and black for after correction.  For ants 1-8 and 12, the XX and YY amplitudes have increased a bit, while the XY and YX amplitudes are much reduced.  The corresponding phases are slightly improved in XX and YY, and noise-like for XY and YX (less so on YX for some antennas).  For the other antennas, no correction was made since those feeds are already parallel to Ant 14.
 
The proof of this scheme will be seen when we observe a calibrator for many hours while the parallactic angle changes over HA, and then see that the amplitude time profiles become steady and well behaved.
 
Ultimately, the X-Y delays will need to be measured periodically (especially if the correlator is rebooted or X and Y delays are changed for other reasons), and then stored as a new calibration type in the SQL database.
 
== Comparison with the Mathematical Description in the Earlier Section ==
We now want to see how this compares with the mathematical development in the previous section.  It turns out that they are the same, as long as we rewrite the expression <math>2\pi f\tau_i = \phi_i - \pi/2</math>.  To see this, first write the corrections in equation (6) in matrix form:
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\Delta\chi  &      0    & -\sin\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    &  \cos\Delta\chi &    0    & -\sin\Delta\chi  \\
\sin\Delta\chi &      0    & \cos\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    & \sin\Delta\chi &    0    & \cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
    1    &              0          &                0        &              0            \\
    0    &  e^{-i(d\phi_j - \pi/2)} &                0        &              0            \\
    0    &              0          &  e^{i(d\phi_i - \pi/2)} &              0            \\
    0    &              0          &                0        & e^{i(d\phi_i - d\phi_j)}
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}
</math></center>
where now this is the correction applied to the measured (<math>out</math>) data to covert it to the expected (<math>in</math>) data, and hence is the inverse of the matrix (2) in the previous section.  Expanding the matrix product, this is
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\Delta\chi  &      0    & -e^{i(d\phi_i - \pi/2)}\sin\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    &  e^{-i(d\phi_j - \pi/2)}\cos\Delta\chi &    0    & -e^{i(d\phi_i - d\phi_j)}\sin\Delta\chi  \\
\sin\Delta\chi &      0    & e^{i(d\phi_i - \pi/2)}\cos\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    & e^{-i(d\phi_j - \pi/2)}\sin\Delta\chi &    0    & e^{i(d\phi_i - d\phi_j)}\cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}
</math></center>
and converting back to <math>\tau_i</math>, it becomes:
<center><math>
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{in}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\Delta\chi  &      0    & -e^{2\pi if\tau_i}\sin\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    &  e^{-2\pi if\tau_j}\cos\Delta\chi &    0    & -e^{2\pi if(\tau_i-\tau_j)}\sin\Delta\chi  \\
\sin\Delta\chi &      0    & e^{i2\pi f\tau_i}\cos\Delta\chi &    0      \\
    0    & e^{-2\pi if\tau_j}\sin\Delta\chi &    0    & e^{2\pi if(\tau_i-\tau_j)}\cos\Delta\chi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
XX  \\
XY  \\
YX  \\
YY
\end{bmatrix}_{out}\qquad\qquad (7)
</math></center>
which is precisely the inverse of (3).
 
= AzEl Antenna Axis Offset =


[[File:3C84_cos-el-rotation.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 9:''' Observations and simulation of amplitude and phase on 3C84 for baseline Ant 1-14, where a phase shift proportional to <math>{2\pi\over\lambda} \cos E</math> is applied.  The agreement is reasonably good except for some curvature, which could be residual baseline error.]]
[[File:3C84_cos-el-rotation.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 9:''' Observations and simulation of amplitude and phase on 3C84 for baseline Ant 1-14, where a phase shift proportional to <math>{2\pi\over\lambda} \cos E</math> is applied.  The agreement is reasonably good except for some curvature, which could be residual baseline error.]]
Line 104: Line 439:
[[File:3C273_cos-el-rotation.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 10:''' Observations and simulation of amplitude and phase on 3C273 for baseline Ant 1-14, where a phase shift proportional to <math>{2\pi\over\lambda} \cos E</math> is applied.  The agreement is reasonably good, except for some curvature at negative hour angle, which could be residual baseline error.]]
[[File:3C273_cos-el-rotation.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 10:''' Observations and simulation of amplitude and phase on 3C273 for baseline Ant 1-14, where a phase shift proportional to <math>{2\pi\over\lambda} \cos E</math> is applied.  The agreement is reasonably good, except for some curvature at negative hour angle, which could be residual baseline error.]]


Dr. Avinash Deshpande (Raman Research Institute, Bangalore -- Thanks to Dr. Ananthakrishnan for contacting him) confirms that no phase rotation is expected for the parallactic correction, aside from the 180-degree phase jump at the meridian crossing.  He suggests that a non-intersecting axis is more likely, and notes that my plots claiming no evidence of a delay is too hasty.  It may be that the small range of frequencies in Figure 8 is too small to see an evident frequency dependence that may nevertheless be there.  He notes that the effect of non-intersecting axes is a phase rotation of  
During our investigation of the parallactic angle correction, we noted a "V"-shaped dependence of phase on HA, for the AzEl baselines with Ant 14, that cannot be due to parallactic angle.  Dr. Avinash Deshpande (Raman Research Institute, Bangalore -- ''Thanks to Dr. Ananthakrishnan for contacting him'') confirms that no phase rotation is expected for the parallactic correction, aside from the 180-degree phase jump at the meridian crossing.  He suggests that a non-intersecting axis is the cause, and this was confirmed.  He notes that the effect of non-intersecting axes is a phase rotation of  


<center><math>{2\pi\over\lambda} d\cos E</math></center>
<center><math>{2\pi\over\lambda} d\cos E</math></center>


where <math>E</math> is the elevation angle, and <math>d</math> is the offset distance.  As a test, I applied this function, using <math>d = 11.5</math> cm (based on the apparent phase variation in the observed phases), and obtained the results in '''Figures 9 and 10'''.  Although the observed phases show a bit more curvature than the simulation, this can be due to residual baseline errors, so I think it is fair to say this is a promising result. We can prove this very shortly, since the feed rotator on the 27-m antenna is soon to be working (I hope).  The prediction is that rotating the 27-m feed to keep it parallel to the 2.1-m feeds on these antennas will correct the amplitudes, but the phases will still show the same behavior (since they are due to a different cause), and also that using a wider range of frequencies (which we can do, especially now that the high-frequency receiver is available) will show a frequency dependence in the amount of phase variation. --[[User:Dgary|Dgary]] ([[User talk:Dgary|talk]]) 04:55, 8 November 2016 (UTC)
where <math>E</math> is the elevation angle, and <math>d</math> is the offset distance.  As a test, I applied this function, using d = 11.5 cm (based on the apparent phase variation in the observed phases), and obtained the results in '''Figures 9 and 10'''.  Although the observed phases show a bit more curvature than the simulation, this was found to be due to residual baseline errors.


=== Further update ===
=== Further update ===
[[File:3C84_cos-el-correction.png|left|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 11:''' Observations and phase-corrected observations for 3C84 taken on 2016-11-13, where d = 15.2 cm was applied.  Shown are Ant 1-5 baselines with Ant 14.  The remaining phase variations are consistent with a residual Bx baseline error.]]
[[File:3C84_cos-el-correction.png|left|thumb|300px|'''Fig. 11:''' Observations and phase-corrected observations for 3C84 taken on 2016-11-13, where d = 15.2 cm was applied.  Shown are Ant 1-5 baselines with Ant 14.  The remaining phase variations are consistent with a residual Bx baseline error.]]


On 2016 Nov 13, new observations of 3C84 were taken, and the correction for the axis offset (d = 15.2 cm) were applied, as shown in '''Figure 11''' (at left).  It appears that this correction works well, and that there is a residual baseline error on each of the antennas due to the fact that they were originally determined without the axis-offset correction. --[[User:Dgary|Dgary]] ([[User talk:Dgary|talk]]) 14:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)
On 2016 Nov 13, new observations of 3C84 were taken, and the correction for the axis offset (d = 15.2 cm) was applied, as shown in '''Figure 11''' (at left).  It appears that this correction works well, and that there is a residual baseline error on each of the antennas due to the fact that they were originally determined without the axis-offset correction. --[[User:Dgary|Dgary]] ([[User talk:Dgary|talk]]) 14:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)
 
This change was permanently instituted in DPP_PROCESS_STATEFRAME.f90 on 2016-11-16.

Latest revision as of 12:32, 10 July 2020

Fig. 1: Parallactic angle versus hour angle for sources at different declinations. There is a large deviation for sources whose Dec = latitude (37 degrees), when they pass directly overhead.

Explanation of Polarization Mixing

The newer 2.1-m antennas [Ants 1-8 and 12] have AzEl (azimuth-elevation) mounts (also referred to as AltAz; the terms Altitude and Elevation are used synonymously), which means that their crossed linear feeds have a constant angle relative to the horizon (the axis of rotation being at the zenith). The older 2.1-m antennas [Ants 9-11 and 13], and the 27-m antenna [Ant 14], have Equatorial mounts, which means that their crossed linear feeds have a constant angle with respect to the celestial equator, the axis of rotation being at the north celestial pole. Thus, the celestial coordinate system is tilted by the local co-latitude (complement of the latitude). This tilt results in a relative feed rotation between the 27-m antenna and the AzEl mounts, but not between the 27-m and the older equatorial mounts. This angle is called the "parallactic angle," and is given by:

,

where is the site latitude, is the Azimuth angle [0 north], and is the Elevation angle [0 on horizon]. This function obviously changes with position on the sky, and as we follow a celestial source (e.g. the Sun) across the sky this rotation angle is continuously changing in a surprisingly complex manner as shown in Figure 1. Note that at zero hour angle for declinations less than the local latitude (37.233 degrees at OVRO), but is at higher declinations.

Fig. 2: Illustration of 27-m feed horns (left), 2.1-m feed package (middle), and rotation of feed orientation by parallactic angle (right). Note that the feeds are all oriented at 45-degrees from the horizontal at 0 hour angle, with X (= H) shown in yellow, and Y (=V) shown in blue.

The crossed linear dipole feeds on all antennas are oriented with the X-feed as shown in Figure 2, at 45-degrees from the horizontal, when the antenna is pointed at 0 hour angle. This is the view as seen looking down at the feed from the dish side, although since the feeds are at the prime focus this is the same as the view projected onto the sky. At other positions, the feeds on the AzEl antennas experience a rotation by angle relative to the equatorial antennas.

Because of this rotation, the normal polarization products XX, XY, YX and YY on baselines with dissimilar antennas (one AzEl and the other equatorial) become mixed. The effect of this admixture can be written by the use of Jones matrices (see Hamaker, Bregman & Sault (1996) for a complete description). Consider antenna A whose feed orientation is rotated by , cross-correlated with antenna B with unrotated feed. The corresponding Jones matrices, acting on signal vector are:

and the cross-correlation is found by taking the outer product, i.e.

which relates the output polarization products to the input as

where we have dropped the subscripts and complex conjugate notation for brevity. Of course, there are other effects such as unequal gains and cross-talk between feeds that are also at play, but for now we ignore those and focus only on the effect of this polarization mixing due to the parallactic angle.

Absolute vs. Relative Angle of Rotation

However, the above description fails when we consider a rotation on both antennas, so that

In this case, performing the outer product gives:

whereas intuitively we want something like:

which becomes the identity matrix when , i.e. when the feeds on two antennas of a baseline are parallel. The difference seems to be that the earlier expression evaluates to components of X and Y in an absolute coordinate frame, whereas we are interested only the difference in angle of the feeds in a relative coordinate frame. This choice no doubt has implications for measuring Stokes Q and U, but for solar data we are not concerned with linear polarization.

One way to achieve this in the framework of Jones matrices is to form Mueller matrices from the outer-product of the rotation times the gain matrix:

and

then form an overall matrix

,

where .

Effect of an X - Y Delay

Regardless of how the math is done, we expect that the result should be dependent on the difference in angle, , so as a practical solution let us simply replace with and proceed as in section 1.

and the cross-correlation is found by taking the outer product, i.e.

which relates the output polarization products to the input as

Now consider that there is a "multi-band" delay on both antennas, and . Then (2) becomes:

The result agrees with our intuition:

This approach was implemented, to see how well it does in correcting for the effects of differential feed rotation, but the results were not good. The problem turns out not to be the approach, but the assumption that the X-Y delay is a constant with frequency. The next section describes the actual case, where the X-Y delay is considered in terms of a measured "delay phase."

Another Look at X-Y Delays

Prior to doing the feed rotation correction, it is essential that any X-Y delays be measured and corrected. We have devised a calibration procedure in which we take data on a strong calibrator with the feeds parallel, then rotate the 27-m (antenna 14) feed so that they are perpendicular. For an unpolarized source, this results in signal on the XX and YY polarization channels in the first case, and on the XY and YX polarization channels in the second case. As a practical matter, this can be done on all antennas at once if a strong source is observed near 0 HA, ideally timed to start 20 min before 0 HA and completing 20 min after 0 HA. The source 2253+161 works well, as does 1229+006 (3C273). Two observations are needed

  • one with the 27-m feed unrotated (gives parallel-feed data for all dishes, if done near 0 HA). Gives strong signal in XX and YY channels. Example
  • one with the 27-m feed rotated to -90 degrees (gives crossed-feed data for all dishes, if done near 0 HA). Gives strong signal in XY and YX channels. Example

Note that the feed should be rotated by -90, not 90, in order for the signs in the expressions below to be correct.

Background

Figure 1x: Example of delay phase measurement for 2017-07-02. Multiple measurements of the delay phase are possible, two for each of the small antennas and 26 for antenna 14. These are shown by the multicolor points. The average of the measurements are shown with black points.

In order to correct for feed rotation, it is necessary to measure and correct for any differences in X vs. Y delay. We have devised a way of making this measurement by holding the small antenna feeds fixed and rotating the antenna 14 feed from 0-degree position angle (parallel to the small dish feeds) to -90 degrees position angle (perpendicular to the small dish feeds). In the 0-degree case, the X feeds are all parallel to each other, and the Y feeds are all parallel to each other. In the -90-degree case, the small-dish X feeds are parallel to the antenna 14 Y feed, and the small-dish Y feeds are parallel to the antenna 14 X feed. Comparing the parallel XX vs. crossed XY, the phases should be the same except for any non-zero X vs. Y delay on antenna 14, and a possible secular change in phase due to rotating the feed (). Comparing the parallel YY vs. crossed XY, on the other hand, the phases should be the same except for any non-zero X vs. Y delays on the small antennas, plus the effect of . Thus, = 0 on XX and YY measurements, and non-zero for XY and YX measurements.

We can derive expressions by considering antenna-based phases on X polarization as and on Y polarization as , i.e. the Y phases are nominally the same as for X, except for a possible X-Y delay difference , here written as delay phase . We are finding that this delay is a complicated function of frequency, so it is just as well to keep it in terms of phase. The term is only present on antenna 14, hence the use of the Kronecker . As noted above, the term is zero if the antenna 14 feed is not rotated (i.e. for XX and YY measurements) and non-zero if it is (for XY and YX measurements). On a baseline , then, the four polarization terms become:

We then examine the channel differences on baselines with antenna 14 (), i.e.

Consequently, we can solve redundantly in two ways for the antenna-based delay phases:

where we specifically use to emphasize that this quantity for all antennas should be the same value, because the measurements are all baselines with antenna 14. Both of these give the same expression:

which, when evaluated for the thirteen different measurements do indeed give the same result within statistical variations. Care must be taken to do an appropriate average to take care of the phase ambiguity. One way to do this is form unit vectors and sum them, then find the phase of the summed vector. In Python, the following expression calculates an average phase phi_avg from the 13 individual measurements phi, where the sum over index 0 is over antennas:

phi_avg = np.angle(np.sum(np.exp(1j*phi),0))

Once we have this average value of , the equations (6) give two measurements for each antenna for , and the 26 measurements for antenna 14 for , which can be averaged in the same manner.

Figure 1x shows the results for a measurement on 2017-07-02.

Applying the Measurements

Figure 2x: Amplitude vs frequency for channels XX, YY, XY and YX, on ants 1-13, before (green) and after (black) correction for feed rotation.
Figure 3x: Phase vs frequency for channels XX, YY, XY and YX, on ants 1-13, before (green) and after (black) correction for feed rotation.

Once we have these, we can apply corrections to each of the polarization channels, and then do the feed rotation correction. The corrections are done to data taken in a normal way, without rotating the 27-m feed. The application of the correction is found by removing the effects of the delays and rotations in equation (5):

where the third term has an offset of because this term should be flipped for negative parallactic angle, i.e. should be . Again, the Kronecker indicates the fact that this term is applied only for baselines involving antenna 14. After the corrections are applied, we have

I tried applying the feed rotation correction for data taken on 2017-07-02, and it does seem to work. Figures 2x and 3x show the amplitude and phase on all baselines with Ant 14, with light green for data before correction and black for after correction. For ants 1-8 and 12, the XX and YY amplitudes have increased a bit, while the XY and YX amplitudes are much reduced. The corresponding phases are slightly improved in XX and YY, and noise-like for XY and YX (less so on YX for some antennas). For the other antennas, no correction was made since those feeds are already parallel to Ant 14.

The proof of this scheme will be seen when we observe a calibrator for many hours while the parallactic angle changes over HA, and then see that the amplitude time profiles become steady and well behaved.

Ultimately, the X-Y delays will need to be measured periodically (especially if the correlator is rebooted or X and Y delays are changed for other reasons), and then stored as a new calibration type in the SQL database.

Comparison with the Mathematical Description in the Earlier Section

We now want to see how this compares with the mathematical development in the previous section. It turns out that they are the same, as long as we rewrite the expression . To see this, first write the corrections in equation (6) in matrix form:

where now this is the correction applied to the measured () data to covert it to the expected () data, and hence is the inverse of the matrix (2) in the previous section. Expanding the matrix product, this is

and converting back to , it becomes:

which is precisely the inverse of (3).

AzEl Antenna Axis Offset

Fig. 9: Observations and simulation of amplitude and phase on 3C84 for baseline Ant 1-14, where a phase shift proportional to is applied. The agreement is reasonably good except for some curvature, which could be residual baseline error.
Fig. 10: Observations and simulation of amplitude and phase on 3C273 for baseline Ant 1-14, where a phase shift proportional to is applied. The agreement is reasonably good, except for some curvature at negative hour angle, which could be residual baseline error.

During our investigation of the parallactic angle correction, we noted a "V"-shaped dependence of phase on HA, for the AzEl baselines with Ant 14, that cannot be due to parallactic angle. Dr. Avinash Deshpande (Raman Research Institute, Bangalore -- Thanks to Dr. Ananthakrishnan for contacting him) confirms that no phase rotation is expected for the parallactic correction, aside from the 180-degree phase jump at the meridian crossing. He suggests that a non-intersecting axis is the cause, and this was confirmed. He notes that the effect of non-intersecting axes is a phase rotation of

where is the elevation angle, and is the offset distance. As a test, I applied this function, using d = 11.5 cm (based on the apparent phase variation in the observed phases), and obtained the results in Figures 9 and 10. Although the observed phases show a bit more curvature than the simulation, this was found to be due to residual baseline errors.

Further update

Fig. 11: Observations and phase-corrected observations for 3C84 taken on 2016-11-13, where d = 15.2 cm was applied. Shown are Ant 1-5 baselines with Ant 14. The remaining phase variations are consistent with a residual Bx baseline error.

On 2016 Nov 13, new observations of 3C84 were taken, and the correction for the axis offset (d = 15.2 cm) was applied, as shown in Figure 11 (at left). It appears that this correction works well, and that there is a residual baseline error on each of the antennas due to the fact that they were originally determined without the axis-offset correction. --Dgary (talk) 14:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

This change was permanently instituted in DPP_PROCESS_STATEFRAME.f90 on 2016-11-16.