2016-09-26T13:13:18Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

[[File:image1.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

[[File:image3.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-26T13:09:58Z

Ychai: /* Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

[[File:image1.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|300px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|300px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-26T13:09:13Z

Ychai:

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|upright=2.0|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|300px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|300px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-26T12:54:05Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|300px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|300px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-26T12:51:24Z

Ychai: /* Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-26T12:50:58Z

Ychai: /* Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|300px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T19:17:06Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T19:16:30Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T19:15:21Z

Ychai: /* Second Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T19:10:31Z

Ychai: /* Linearity and RFI */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T19:09:35Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image3.png|thumb|left|400px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T19:02:54Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image3.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

[[File:image4.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 4: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer, when the digitizer clock is at the non-ideal frequency of 800 MHz. The second IF band is shown in black (in MHz), while the mirrored IF band partially overlaps and extends to the left, marked in blue. The green block indicates the downconverted, digitized bandpass, whose scale is shown in blue (in MHz). The part of the band contaminated with overlapping is shown as the darker green hatched area.]]

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:56:28Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

[[File:image3.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 3: Schematic representation of the third EOVSA downconversion by the digitizer. The filtered second IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in MHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The 600 MHz-wide digitized bandpass is shown in green, while the narrower 500 MHz target bandpass is shown by the inner dashed lines on the right.]]

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:54:37Z

Ychai: /* Second Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

[[File:image2.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 2: Schematic representation of the second EOVSA downconversion, where the high-frequency IF band on the left, whose frequency scale is marked in black (in GHz), is mirrored and converted to the IF band on the right, marked in blue (in MHz). The effect of the low-frequency (650-1150 MHz passband) IF filter is shown on the right in black.]]

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

File:Image4.png

2016-09-25T18:53:08Z

Ychai:

File:Image3.png

2016-09-25T18:52:54Z

Ychai:

File:Image2.png

2016-09-25T18:52:35Z

Ychai:

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:52:18Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 5: (top) The normalized 3.450-4.050 GHz band spectrum as sampled by the 800 MHz digitizer clock. The lower 200 MHz of this 600 MHz band is inverted and overlapped on the lower 200 MHz of the plot. The swept frequency CW signal starts at about 3590 MHz (aliased to 3710 MHz) at the left edge, moves diagonally downward due to aliasing until about t = 2.5 s, then moves diagonally upward until it leaves the top at about t = 21 s. It reappears immediately at the center of the band as a new sweep starts, and again begins its downward motion. The line appears “dotted” due simply to the finite resolution of my computer screen from which this was captured. (bottom) A zoom in to full frequency resolution of the lower left portion of the spectrogram in (top), in order to see the actual CW signal stepping by 1.49 MHz/step every 60 ms (three time samples).]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

File:Image6.png

2016-09-25T18:50:16Z

Ychai:

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:50:02Z

Ychai: /* Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

[[File:image5.png|thumb|center|800px]]
[[File:image6.png|thumb|center|800px]]

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:45:10Z

Ychai: /* Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

File:Image5.png

2016-09-25T18:43:56Z

Ychai:

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:43:08Z

Ychai: /* Linearity and RFI */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|500px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

Downconversion and Frequency Tuning

2016-09-25T18:42:14Z

Ychai: /* Linearity and RFI */

== Background ==
EOVSA has three consecutive frequency-conversion operations required to tune and isolate a clean 500 MHz IF band from the 1-18 GHz RF band. The first is a tunable upconversion to a 20-20.5 MHz band, which is filtered but with a rather gentle roll-off due to the high center frequency. The second is a fixed-frequency downconversion of the 20-20.5 MHz band centered on a sharply filtered IF bandpass from 600-1200 MHz. The third downconversion is that due to the digitizer, whose nominal clock is 1200 MHz, although for practical reasons during the prototype phase we are operating the digitizer at a sub-optimal 800 MHz clock speed.
This document describes these frequency conversions and the resultant ordering of frequency channels in the digitized data, both for the production unit with a 1200 MHz digitizer clock, and for this interim period with an 800 MHz clock. We demonstrate that the system corresponds to our expectations by introducing a frequency-swept CW signal into the IF path and observing its effects. We also discuss the linearity of the system, which probably belongs in a separate memo.

== Tuning and First Frequency-Conversion ==

[[File:image1.png|thumb|right|500px|Figure1:Schematic representation of frequency tuning for EOVSA, showing tuning to four of the 34 RF bands. From top to bottom they are: 1.5-2 GHz, 3.5-4 GHz, 7.5-8 GHz, and 17.5-18 GHz.]]

Figure 1 shows the basic tuning operation for four different IF bands. Each tuning inverts the 1-18 GHz RF by mirroring it around the LO frequency. To tune to each of the 500 MHz between 1-18 GHz, 34 tunings are required ranging from 21.5 GHz to 38 GHz. The RF frequency at the low end of the 500 MHz band is related by the LO frequency by <math>\nu_{RF}=\nu_{LO}-</math>20.5GHz. In the figure, the RF frequency scale is shown in black, and the IF frequency scale (after the conversion) is shown in blue. As the LO frequency changes, the mirrored RF band slides to the right with twice the step of the LO frequency change, while the fixed 20-20.5 GHz filter slides to the right with the same step as the LO. Thus, the mirrored RF slides past the filter window at the same rate as the LO frequency change. Note that the RF frequencies are inverted due to the mirroring.

== Second Frequency-Conversion ==

In order to digitize the signal, the high-frequency IF must be converted to a lower frequency. To accomplish this, the EOVSA system mixes the fixed 20-20.5 GHz signal with a fixed 21.15 GHz second LO as shown in Figure 2, whose format is similar to that of Figure 1. The rather gentle roll-off of the 20-20.5 GHz filter is indicated by the sloping sides of the bandpass. Again, the original frequency scale is shown in black, and the mirrored copy of the bandpass is shown in blue, labeled with its lower IF frequency scale in MHz, also in blue. This IF bandpass shape is then filtered with a sharply defined IF filter from 600-1200 MHz (outer dashed lines marked as Digitized Bandpass). This second mirroring of the band causes the previously inverted RF frequencies to again have a direct ordering.

== Digitization and the Third Frequency-Conversion ==

This second IF band is now at a sufficiently low frequency for digitization. For the final production system, EOVSA’s correlator will digitize the signal using a 1200 MHz clock. This action will mirror the IF a third time, as shown in Figure 3. The clock frequency is 50 MHz above the desired band, and the passband of the filter is 100 MHz narrower than the 600 MHz nyquist bandwidth of the clock, so that the skirt of the filter roll-off, which is aliased back into the passband, is reduced by 63 dB below the desired signal. The 600 MHz digitized passband is shown in green, but the target passband is the narrower 500 MHz band indicated between 50 and 550 MHz. Because the correlator F-engine produces 4096 channels over 600 MHz, the actual desired data will be found in channels 341-3755. For the production system, then, this third mirroring of the RF will result in an inverted order of frequency channels, but with the fortunate advantage that this inversion never changes--it does not depend on the RF band to which the system has been tuned.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to temporarily restrict the digitizer clock during the prototype phase to 800 MHz (an FPGA clock speed of 200 MHz), which provides a nyquist bandwidths of only 400 MHz. Figure 4 shows the impact of this non-ideal clock speed on the digitized band.

Clearly the resulting data are compromised, because the lower half of the 400 MHz bandwidth is contaminated due to the 200 MHz range from 600-800 MHz being folded onto the 800-1000 MHz band. Only the 1000-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will be clean, and will be downconverted to the 200-400 MHz IF range. Note also that the 800-1200 MHz range of the filtered second IF will have direct RF ordering, while the mirrored 600-800 MHz range will have inverted ordering.

To check that we actually see the above relationships, we have taken data with a frequency-swept CW signal injected into the “noise in” port of the X (HPol) channel of Antenna 1. The signal is swept in order to 401 frequency points between 600-1200 MHz. From Figure 4, we can expect the signal to sweep from the center of the band to the left edge (lower channel number) when tuning from 600-800 MHz, and then reverse itself and march across the channels in increasing order until it reaches the highest channel when tuned to 1200 MHz. This is exactly what is seen in Figure 5, which is a spectrogram of Band 4 that has been “normalized” to its median spectrum to take out f-dependent power variations.

== Linearity and RFI ==

All is not perfect in this spectrogram, however. In Figure 5(a) it is possible to see a faint trace of an alias of the CW signal, which may just be some 2nd harmonic from the signal generator. This should be checked by looking at the signal generator output. If not present, then the 2nd harmonic may be generated in the downconverter.

Even more problematic is the RFI seen clearly in the center of the band, centered around 3850 MHz. This is the 2nd harmonic of the strong 1925 MHz RFI. Figure 6 shows the 100 MHz around the band center, for the actual (not normalized) spectrum. However, this spectrogram was taken with the optical fiber well above its linear range (due to excess gain in the frontend). This has been corrected by inserting a total of 39 dB in the FEM, which puts the detector voltage at the nominal value of 0.1 V, and the result is shown in Figure 7.

[[File:image7.png|thumb|center|800px|Figure 6: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for 140 MHz around the strongest RFI in Figure 5(a). The details of the RFI match the strong Sprint PCS RFI near 1.925 GHz, so that it can confidently be identified as second-harmonic distortion from that source. This was taken with the optical link well out of its linear range.]]

This is an important lesson. It is absolutely critical to operate the optical links in their linear range. Although we knew this, it is nice to see such a clear demonstration of it. The harmonic distortion is still not entirely eliminated, but we can do tests to see where the best detector voltage settings are for linear operation.

[[File:image8.png|thumba|center|800px|Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.]]

File:Image8.png

2016-09-25T18:40:15Z

Ychai: Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do...

Figure 7: Direct (not normalized) spectrum for roughly the same region as in Figure 6, but now with the optical link supposedly centered on its linear range. The second-harmonic distortion is now much reduced, but certainly not eliminated. We can do experiments to determine if there is a better set of attenuations to maximize linearity. Note that some non-linearity may arise in other components.