All-Day Synthesis Issues
Correcting for Solar Rotation
Deconvolving solar images integrated over a substantial period of time presents a complex challenge due to at least two effects:
- Solar rotation: Sources near disk center are carried from east to west at a rate of about 9 arcsec/hour. Those nearer the limb move very little in the plane of the sky. The rate of rotation is also latitude dependent due to differential solar rotation. This solar-rotation issue is made far more serious by the fact that the psf (point-spread-function, aka synthesized beam) also varies with time.
- Intrinsic variations versus time: Even without actual flaring, evolution of active region sources in shape and or brightness can occur. In applications not involving aperture synthesis, such evolution is simply averaged out in the familiar way. However, when coupled with the changing psf due to solar rotation these intrinsic variations present a more serious challenge.
One way to overcome these problems, when reasonably good uv-coverage is available, is simply to make images over a shorter time (e.g. 10 min, during which the rotation is less than 2 arcsec), then differentially rotate the images and average them in the image plane. There is some relatively minor problem in doing this, since the emission is distributed at varying heights and one must generally choose a reference height at which to do the rotation. Luckily, the emission near the limbs does not move in the plane of the sky, and so it is not a bad approximation to rotate emission on the disk and leave the emission above the limb unchanged. This "shorter-integration-time" approach is worthwhile with EOVSA when there is relatively bright active region emission that is the focus of the science study, but the fainter disk or off-limb emission is not well imaged in such short integrations.
In cases where all of the emission is weak, long integrations with EOVSA are required, and this page describes an alternative method for improving image deconvolution in that case. This approach involves creating a spatially variable psf, and hence deconvolving model sources in various parts of the solar disk with the appropriate psf for that location. Software does not yet exist for the entire process, but some exploration is possible with the current software.
Description of the Problem
If solar rotation is ignored in an 8-hour integration, say, then sources near disk center will shift 72 arcsec! If the standard psf is used to clean such sources, two errors result: (1) the source is smeared in the east-west direction, appearing larger and fainter than it should, and (2) the psf sidelobes used in the deconvolution are not those created by the moving source, so much larger residuals (and possibly false sources) are left in the image.
If the correct psf could be calculated and used, however, then applying it would reduce the residuals. Additionally the smearing of the source could be eliminated by restoring with the ideal psf core, which would also restore the true brightness. The problem, though, is that the correct psf varies with location on the solar disk.
Calculating the Correct PSF
No matter the shape of the source, assuming for now that it does not evolve with time, the smeared source is a convolution of the true source with an evolving psf that is created by changing uv sampling function of the array. In calculating the standard psf, the "point" in the point-spread-function is considered to be a unit amplitude point source at the phase center (amplitude 1, phase 0). If instead we consider a moving point source (amplitude 1, but shifting phase) when calculating the sythesized beam, then this would create a psf appropriate to that source. This amounts to creating a model visibility database with unit amplitudes, but properly calculated phases.
Consider the case of a time-dependent shift of the point source in RA and Dec, . The phase shift to be applied to a uv point with coordinate is (see Lecture 9, eqn 3). Thus, the visibility to be calculated is just .
A complication, of course, is that the psf so calculated is valid only for a source that follows the assumed time-dependent shift, hence it varies with position on the solar disk. A full solution to this problem would be to calculate a different psf for every point in a radio image and then during each step of the cleaning process select the psf corresponding to the position of a particular clean component. An alternative that might be good enough is to divide the solar disk into a finite number of segments, identify which of a selected number of psfs is most appropriate to that location, and apply that psf.
An Initial Test of the Idea
At present, there is no CLEAN deconvolution software capable of applying a spatially variable psf. However, the CASA tclean task allows a parameter calcpsf=False. This will then cause tclean to use an existing psf instead of calculating it. Thus, a valid test of the idea might be to select a date when there is a rather bright active region at some heliographic latitude and longitude on the disk, calculate the time-dependent RA, Dec coordinates, and then create a model visibility database that is the same as the MS of the date, but whose visibilities are replaced by with calculated as above. An image with zero clean iterations will then form the point-spread-function required. The task tclean can then be run on the original data with calcpsf=False, and with a restoring beam specified as the unsmeared psf.
Selection of date
A good date that I have already explored is 2018 Jun 23, which has a relatively strong active region source at heliocentric coordinates (x, y) = (290, 103). This has to be converted to heliographic coordinates for a specific time (e.g. 2000 UT). The result (using IDL arcsec2helio procedure) is (lat, lon) = (8.169, 18.009) degrees (N and W). Then the rotation has to be calculated, which I did (using IDL track_h2a procedure) to get (once per hour):
Heliocentric X, Y offsets UT X (arcsec) Y (arcsec) 16:00 251.60518 102.46113 17:00 260.93304 102.47842 18:00 270.23273 102.49959 19:00 279.50323 102.52464 20:00 288.74353 102.55360 21:00 297.95264 102.58646 22:00 307.12958 102.62324 23:00 316.27335 102.66396 24:00 325.38297 102.70862
These coordinates have to be rotated for the P-angle (354 deg on this date), which gives:
Geocentric X, Y offsets UT X (arcsec) Y (arcsec) 16:00 239.517 128.200 17:00 248.792 129.192 18:00 258.038 130.185 19:00 267.255 131.179 20:00 276.442 132.174 21:00 285.597 133.169 22:00 294.720 134.165 23:00 303.809 135.161 24:00 312.865 136.158
and finally converted to . Note that absolute coordinates are not needed, only the relative shift vs. time. Thus, to a good approximation, this is just and , where = (276.442,132.174) is the coordinate at 20:00 UT, and = 23.42 is the declination of the Sun. This gives the following final result:
RA/Dec shifts relative to 20:00 UT UT dRA dDec 16:00 40.1859 -3.97398 17:00 30.0920 -2.98175 18:00 20.0289 -1.98862 19:00 9.9979 -0.99468 20:00 0.0000 0.00000 21:00 -9.9637 0.99529 22:00 -19.8921 1.99112 23:00 -29.7841 2.98740 24:00 -39.6388 3.98402
The above hourly positions can be interpolated to finer timescales.
Implementation
I have written a routine to use the above table for this specific date and overwrite the data in a copy of a UDB ms with a unit source amplitude and the correct shifted phase. The two figures below show the comparison of the original psf and the smeared one. It should be noted that the smeared psf has the caustic sort of shape that looks like the residuals in the full-disk maps. However, more tests are needed to see if this result is correct.